In this chapter, an overview of quantum technology research in each country will be provided before examining the Nordic region as a whole. The overarching view is that quantum technology research within the Nordic region represents a dynamic and rapidly advancing field, characterized by robust academic foundations, national initiatives, and increasing industry involvement. Each Nordic country contributes distinct strengths to the quantum ecosystem.
Geopolitical tensions are increasingly influencing national strategies for quantum technology. While some respondents view these developments as a strategic or political threat – raising concerns about technological dependence and security – others see them as a catalyst for progress. The heightened urgency for investment and innovation across Europe can create favourable conditions for individual countries to strengthen domestic capabilities, attract funding, and position themselves as key contributors to technological sovereignty.
A summary of observations is given in Table 1, details from each country follow below.
Denmark
Overview
Denmark is making strides in quantum technology with investments from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and public funding. The nation focuses on superconducting qubits, spin qubits, neutral atoms, ion traps and photonic-based qubits. Denmark has built a strong ecosystem for quantum startups, aided by the Danish Quantum Community, Deep Tech Lab Quantum, and Quantum Denmark. It also participates in the European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) and has started a national quantum communication project.
Based on the Nordic Quantum White Paper (3), the key actors involved in quantum technology research include institutions, networks and programs such as:
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen: A central hub for quantum research, particularly in quantum computing, sensing, algorithms, and communication.
Technical University of Denmark (DTU): Strong in quantum photonics, sensing, engineering and nanotechnology.
Aarhus University, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), and Aalborg University: Strong in quantum mathematics, physics and chemistry and education.
Danish Quantum Community (DQC), Quantum Denmark and Deep Tech Lab - Quantum: Spur and support quantum innovation and have coordinating roles.
Novo Nordisk Foundation Quantum Computing Programme (NQCP): A major initiative focused on building quantum computing capabilities. Quantum Foundry Copenhagen is a part of NQCP and focuses on producing quantum chips.
The impression from the interviews is that the interviewees believe that the strengths and opportunities collectively position Denmark as a leading player in the field of quantum technology, with a well-rounded ecosystem that supports research, innovation, and international collaboration. Furthermore, the impression is that addressing these weaknesses and threats will require a more coordinated national approach, increased investment in infrastructure and talent, and stronger collaboration both within Denmark and with other Nordic countries. More details are given below.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis is based on interviews with Danish stakeholders.
Strengths
Strong Public and Private Investment: Denmark benefits from a robust mix of public and private investments in quantum technology, underpinned by a clear national strategy and significant infrastructure development. A key public instrument is the Grand Solutions program administered by Innovation Fund Denmark, which supports ambitious, high-risk collaborations between academia and industry. Complementing these efforts, Denmark has developed state-of-the-art facilities such as Quantum Foundry Copenhagen, a privately owned company focused on producing high-quality quantum chips. A major milestone in Denmark’s strategic investment landscape is the launch of 55 North in October 2025 – a dedicated quantum technology fund co-anchored by the Export and Investment Fund of Denmark (EIFO) and Novo Holdings. With a target size of €300 million, it stands as the world’s largest venture capital fund focused exclusively on quantum technologies. The fund aims to accelerate breakthroughs by bridging cutting-edge research with commercialization. Together, these initiatives provide a strong foundation for Denmark’s international leadership in quantum innovation.
Comprehensive Ecosystem and Collaboration: Denmark has established a comprehensive ecosystem for quantum technology that includes various initiatives and organizations. The Danish Quantum Community, Deep Tech Lab Quantum, and Quantum Denmark are key players in fostering collaboration and supporting startups. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Quantum Computing Program (NQCP) and Quantum Foundry Copenhagen are notable examples of large-scale initiatives aimed at developing quantum computing technologies. This ecosystem provides ample opportunities for collaboration and innovation across different sectors and disciplines.
Leading Research Institutions: Denmark is home to several leading research institutions that contribute significantly to quantum technology. The University of Copenhagen (especially the Niels Bohr Institute), Technical University of Denmark (DTU), University of South Denmark, Aarhus University, and Aalborg University are all involved in various aspects of quantum research. These institutions have strong research groups and infrastructure that support both fundamental and applied research in quantum technology. This concentration of expertise and resources presents opportunities for groundbreaking research and development.
International Collaboration and Talent Attraction: Denmark actively engages in international collaboration, attracting top talent and fostering partnerships with leading global institutions. The country has successfully recruited prominent researchers like Charles Marcus, who has played a pivotal role in re-establishing Copenhagen on the international quantum research map. Additionally, Denmark's national strategy and initiatives like the NQCP emphasize the importance of international collaboration and talent recruitment. This focus on attracting and retaining top talent enhances Denmark's renowned international presence in quantum technology.
Strategic Focus and Infrastructure Development: Denmark's strategic focus on quantum technology is evident through its national quantum strategy and significant investments in research and infrastructure. The country has developed state-of-the-art facilities and infrastructure to support quantum research and innovation. The establishment of Quantum Foundry Copenhagen, a private-owned company, which focuses on producing high-quality quantum chips, is a testament to Denmark's commitment to advancing quantum technology. This strategic focus and infrastructure development provide a strong foundation for future growth and innovation, and is also an opportunity.
Support for Innovation and Startups: Denmark has a strong tradition of supporting innovation and startups in the quantum technology sector. Initiatives like Deep Tech Lab Quantum at the BioInnovation Institute, and Quantum Denmark provide support and resources for startups, helping them to develop and commercialize their technologies. The Novo Nordisk Foundation also plays a crucial role in funding early-stage innovation and supporting the growth of quantum technology companies. This support for innovation and startups creates opportunities for new businesses and technological advancements.
Opportunities
Nordic and European Collaboration: Denmark is actively involved in Nordic and European collaboration, leveraging regional strengths and resources to advance quantum technology. The country participates in initiatives like the Nordic Quantum Life Science Roundtable and collaborates with other Nordic countries on various quantum research projects. Denmark's involvement in European initiatives and its complementary approach to EU-funded projects further enhance its position in the global quantum technology landscape. This collaboration provides opportunities for shared resources, expertise, and infrastructure, driving further advancements in quantum technology. However, Denmark could enhance its influence in EU-level quantum funding programs.
Potential for Increased Nordic Cooperation: There is significant potential for increased Nordic cooperation in quantum technology. Denmark's strong infrastructure and expertise can be complemented by the strengths of other Nordic countries, creating a more robust and competitive regional ecosystem. This cooperation can lead to shared infrastructure, joint research projects, and a stronger collective presence in the global quantum technology market.
Denmark’s launch of the world’s largest quantum technology fund (55 North) further strengthens its position as a global leader and offers new opportunities for international collaboration and commercialization.
Weaknesses
Coordination Challenges: There are multiple overlapping initiatives such as the Danish Quantum Community, Deep Tech Lab Quantum, Quantum Denmark, and the Chip Competence Center. This fragmentation can lead to inefficiencies and a lack of cohesive strategy, making it challenging to coordinate efforts and resources effectively.
Recruitment and Talent Retention: Denmark struggles with recruiting and retaining talent in the quantum technology sector. The recruitment process often attracts candidates primarily from outside Europe, making it difficult to build a strong local talent pool. This issue is compounded by the high demand for skilled researchers and the competitive nature of the global quantum technology market.
Infrastructure and Funding Limitations: Despite substantial investments in quantum technology infrastructure, there are still gaps that need to be addressed. The need for state-of-the-art equipment and facilities is critical for advancing research, but securing funding for such infrastructure remains a challenge. Additionally, the sustainability of these investments is a concern, as maintaining and upgrading infrastructure over time requires continuous funding.
Geopolitical and Security Concerns: The geopolitical landscape poses challenges for Denmark's quantum technology initiatives. The need to protect intellectual property and manage geopolitical interests can complicate collaborations and limit the openness of research. This is particularly relevant in the context of trade secrets and the protection of sensitive information from unwanted geopolitical attention. This is also a threat.
Limited Nordic Collaboration: While there are some collaborations with other Nordic countries, such as with Norway and Sweden, these partnerships are not as extensive or well-developed as they could be. Strengthening Nordic collaboration could help address some of the challenges related to infrastructure, talent, and funding, but this requires more coordinated efforts and strategic planning. This may also be regarded as a threat.
Threats
High Risk and Uncertainty in Investments: Investing in quantum technology is inherently risky due to the high level of uncertainty and the nascent stage of the technology. Evaluating the potential market, competition, and the viability of quantum technology companies is challenging. This high-risk environment can deter investments and slow down the commercialization of quantum technologies.
Limited Depth and Sustainable Scale: Denmark has invested in multiple quantum areas. This broad approach risks diluting impact, as spreading resources too thin may prevent any one effort from succeeding. Additionally, launching startups in application areas without a domestic supply chain, or a clear path to one, poses long-term sustainability challenges.
Dependency on Private Funding: Denmark's quantum technology sector relies heavily on private funding from foundations like the Novo Nordisk Foundation, Carlberg Foundation and the Villum Foundation. While this funding is substantial, it may not be sufficient to cover all the needs of the sector, especially as the technology matures and requires larger-scale investments. The dependency on private funding also means that public funding mechanisms need to be more robust and complementary to ensure sustainable growth.
Slow Administrative Processes: Administrative processes related to funding and access to resources can be slow and cumbersome. For example, the access procedure for certain resources like the LUMI supercomputer has been criticized for being too administrative-heavy and slow, hindering the progress of research. Streamlining these processes could help accelerate research and innovation in the quantum technology sector.
Finland
Overview
Finland excels in quantum technology, particularly low-temperature physics and superconducting circuits. Leading companies like Bluefors and IQM are advancing superconducting quantum computers. InstituteQ coordinates national research, education, and innovation efforts with support from universities, VTT, and CSC. Finland is part of the European quantum communication infrastructure and has a national quantum strategy.
The key institutions involved in quantum technology research are as follows (1):
- Aalto University: A leader in superconducting qubits and quantum hardware.
- University of Helsinki, Tampere University, University of Oulu, University of Turku, University of Jyväskylä and University of Eastern Finland: Active in various quantum research areas.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland: Develops quantum technologies and infrastructure.
- InstituteQ: A national quantum initiative coordinating research, education, and innovation.
- CSC – IT Center for Science: Provides computational infrastructure.
The respondents find Finland’s strengths in quantum technology to lie in its strong research tradition, advanced infrastructure, and collaborative ecosystem. Opportunities include developing autonomous quantum processors, expanding quantum software, and attracting global talent. However, the country faces threats from geopolitical tensions, global competition, and talent drain, while weaknesses include limited private investment and gaps in software and infrastructure.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis is based on interviews with Finnish stakeholders.
Strengths of Finland in Quantum Technology
Strong Research Tradition and Expertise: Finland has a long-standing tradition in quantum research, particularly in low-temperature physics and superconducting circuits. This has led to the establishment of companies like Bluefors and IQM. The country boasts high-level expertise in superconducting circuits, quantum thermodynamics, and quantum sensors.
Advanced Research Infrastructure: Finland is home to advanced research infrastructures such as Otanano, a national facility focusing on nanoscience, technology, and quantum technologies. This infrastructure supports both basic research and the scaling up of business innovations. VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland) has specialized facilities for fabricating superconducting qubits and other quantum components.
Collaborative Ecosystem: The Finnish quantum ecosystem includes strong collaboration between universities, research institutions, and companies. For instance, Aalto University and VTT work closely together on quantum technology projects. The establishment of InstituteQ, a national quantum institute, facilitates collaboration across research, education, and innovation.
Successful Spin-offs and Industry Engagement: Finland has successfully spun off several companies from academic research, such as IQM, which is a leader in delivering quantum computers. Other notable companies include Algorithmiq, Arctic Instruments, Bluefors, QuantScient, Qmill and SemiQon.
High-Quality Education and Talent Development: Finnish universities offer specialized programs in quantum technology, attracting and nurturing talent in this field. The country also has initiatives to increase the intake of students in quantum technology programs.
Opportunities for Finland in Quantum Technology
Development of Autonomous Quantum Processors: There is a significant opportunity to develop autonomous quantum processors, which could revolutionize the scalability and efficiency of quantum computers. This involves creating components that can operate independently, reducing the need for external control.
Expansion of Quantum Software and Algorithms: While Finland excels in hardware, there is an opportunity to strengthen its capabilities in quantum software and algorithms. This includes developing new quantum algorithms and enhancing the integration of quantum computing with classical computing systems.
Increased International Collaboration: Finland can benefit from increased collaboration with other Nordic countries and international partners. This includes leveraging diverse approaches to quantum technology and sharing expertise and resources.
Attracting Global Talent: There is an opportunity to make Finland more attractive to international researchers and students in quantum technology. This could involve creating joint programs and initiatives to draw talent from outside Europe.
Enhanced Funding and Support for Applied Research: Business Finland is poised to increase its funding for applied quantum research, which can drive innovation and commercialization in this field. This shift towards more technology-oriented funding can help translate basic research into practical applications that boost the economy.
Leveraging New Clean Room Facilities: The upcoming Kvanttinova clean room facility, dedicated to quantum technology, presents an opportunity to advance research and development in this area. This facility can support the fabrication of high-quality quantum components and foster innovation.
Strategic Autonomy and Technological Sovereignty: Geopolitical tensions have heightened the urgency for countries to secure strategic autonomy in key technology areas. For Finland, this presents a clear opportunity to leverage its strong positioning in quantum technology to develop and maintain critical capabilities independently. The national emphasis on technological sovereignty aligns well with Finland’s existing strengths, offering a pathway to reinforce resilience, reduce external dependencies, and lead in the development of secure, homegrown quantum solutions.
Threats to Finland in Quantum Technology
Geopolitical Tensions: The current geopolitical climate, including tensions with Russia and uncertainties in the US, poses a threat to Finland's quantum technology sector. These tensions could disrupt international collaborations and access to critical resources.
Dependence on Public Funding: Finland's quantum technology sector heavily relies on public funding, with limited private investment compared to countries like Sweden and Denmark. This dependence makes the sector vulnerable to changes in government policy and budget allocations.
Global Competition: The global race in quantum technology is intense, with significant investments from countries like the US and China. Finland faces the threat of being outpaced by these larger economies with more substantial resources.
Talent Drain: There is a risk of losing top talent to countries with more attractive funding and research opportunities. This brain drain could weaken Finland's position in the global quantum technology landscape.
Weaknesses of Finland in Quantum Technology
Limited Private Sector Involvement: Finland is often perceived as having limited private sector involvement in quantum technology compared to Denmark and Sweden. While this view holds true across much of the ecosystem, it does not reflect the full picture. Notably, IQM has attracted over €500 million in private equity investment, demonstrating strong commercial interest and scalability potential. However, outside of IQM, broader private sector investment remains modest, which may constrain the overall pace of commercialisation and ecosystem-wide innovation.
Fragmented Research Efforts: While Finland has strong research institutions, there is a need for better coordination and integration of efforts across different organizations. This fragmentation can lead to inefficiencies and duplicated efforts.
Lagging in Quantum Software: Finland's expertise is primarily in hardware, with less emphasis on quantum software and algorithms. This imbalance could hinder the development of comprehensive quantum solutions.
Funding Constraints: The overall funding for quantum technology in Finland, while significant, is still limited compared to the needs of the sector. This constraint affects the ability to undertake large-scale, long-term projects.
Norway
Overview
Norway is becoming an active participant in quantum technology, with recent investments in quantum research and innovation. The country has world-class groups working on quantum materials and device physics, quantum computing theory and algorithms, and quantum sensing. Norway is also engaged in the European quantum communication infrastructure and shows growing interest in quantum sensing and quantum computing. The Q-NRI project aims to establish the technical and organizational foundations for Norwegian access to the European LUMI-Q quantum computer. The Norwegian Quantum Cluster, launched in August 2025 and led by UiO, NTNU, SINTEF, and Kongsberg Group, supports research collaboration, education, and international positioning of Norwegian quantum science, with a focus on EU and Nordic engagement.
The key institutions involved in quantum technology research are as follows (1):
- University of Oslo and Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU): Key players in quantum materials and device physics, quantum software, algorithms, and sensing.
- OsloMet, University of Bergen, and University of South-Eastern Norway: Contribute to education and research in quantum technologies including computing, cryptography, sensing, algorithms and software.
- SINTEF, Simula Research Laboratory: SINTEF is strong in applied quantum research, quantum software, and algorithms. Simula demonstrates particularly strong contributions in quantum software development, simulation, and post-quantum cryptography. Interviewees highlight Norway’s strengths in quantum technology, including strong research institutions, expertise across quantum algorithms, sensors, device physics, and simulation, as well as solid government and defence support. Opportunities lie in developing a national strategy, expanding international collaboration, increasing funding, and enhancing education and commercialization. However, the sector faces challenges such as fragmented research, limited infrastructure and private investment, and dependence on external expertise. Threats include international competition, security concerns, political instability, technological lag, and potential talent drain.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis is based on interviews with Norwegian stakeholders.
Strengths of Norway in Quantum Technology
Strong Research Institutions and Collaborations: Norway boasts several key research institutions and collaborative networks that are pivotal in quantum technology. Institutions like the University of Oslo (UiO), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), and SINTEF are heavily involved in quantum research. The Gemini Center for Quantum Science and Technology, for instance, is a significant network-building centre.
Expertise in Quantum Algorithms and Software: Norwegian researchers have a strong background in quantum algorithms and software development. This includes work on quantum computing and quantum information theory, with notable contributions from institutions like SINTEF and UiO.
Expertise in Quantum Device and Quantum Materials Physics: Norway has world-class expertise in the physics of quantum materials and devices, including the physics of state-of-the-art solid-state qubits and sensors as well as the complex physics of the underlying quantum materials that enable the device functionalities. Important contributions come from NTNU and UiO.
Advanced Sensor Technology: Norway’s strong tradition in sensor technology is now advancing into quantum sensing – one of the country’s most promising areas, especially for defence and maritime applications. Institutions like MiNaLab and SINTEF are active in this field, and Kongsberg Gruppen ASA has launched a disruptive technology unit focused on quantum sensing. This opens opportunities for Nordic collaboration and positions Norway to develop a centre of excellence with real industrial engagement, targeting applications such as high-precision navigation, underwater detection, and secure communications.
Interdisciplinary Approach: The country benefits from an interdisciplinary approach to quantum technology, involving departments of physics, mathematics, and computer science. This is evident in the collaborative projects and the integration of various scientific disciplines.
Government and Defence Support: There is significant support from the Norwegian government and defence sectors, including funding from the Ministry of Defence and the Norwegian Research Council. The involvement of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment in quantum research further strengthens this support.
Opportunities for Norway in Quantum Technology
National Strategy Development: There is a clear opportunity to develop a comprehensive national strategy for quantum technology. This would help coordinate efforts across various institutions and ensure focused investment in key areas.
International Collaboration: Norway can leverage international collaborations, particularly with leading institutions like the Niels Bohr Institute in Denmark and through initiatives like the Nordic Quantum network. This can help Norway access cutting-edge research and infrastructure.
Funding and Investment: Increased funding and investment, both from national sources and international partners like Novo Nordisk Foundation, can significantly boost Norway's quantum technology capabilities.
Educational Programs: Developing specialized educational programs in quantum technology at the bachelor, master, and PhD levels can help build a skilled workforce. This includes potential collaborations with Nordic countries to create joint educational initiatives.
Commercialization and Industry Partnerships: There is a significant opportunity to commercialize quantum technologies and foster industry partnerships. This includes potential applications in sectors like defence, energy, and telecommunications.
Infrastructure Development: Investing in and modernizing research infrastructure, such as the facilities at MiNaLab and NorFab, can provide the necessary tools for advanced quantum research and development.
Weaknesses of Norway in Quantum Technology
Fragmented Research Environment: The quantum research environment in Norway is highly fragmented, with many small and dispersed research groups across various institutions. This fragmentation makes it challenging to coordinate efforts and build a cohesive national strategy.
Limited Funding and Resources: There is a significant lack of private funding for quantum research in Norway, with most funding coming from public sources like the Norwegian Research Council. This limits the ability to scale up research activities and invest in necessary infrastructure.
Insufficient Infrastructure: Existing research infrastructure, such as NorFab1, is aging and in need of modernization. The lack of updated facilities hampers the ability to conduct cutting-edge research and develop new technologies.
Lack of Critical Mass: Many research groups in Norway lack the critical mass needed to sustain long-term projects and attract top talent. This is particularly evident in areas like quantum computing and quantum algorithms, where larger, more established groups in other countries have a competitive edge.
Dependence on External Expertise: Norway often relies on international collaborations to access advanced research facilities and expertise. While beneficial, this dependence can limit the development of homegrown capabilities and reduce the country’s ability to lead in certain areas of quantum technology.
Threats to Norway in Quantum Technology
International Competition: Norway faces stiff competition from countries like Denmark, Sweden, and Finland, which have more established and better-funded quantum research programs. These countries are already making significant strides in building quantum computers and developing quantum technologies, potentially leaving Norway behind.
Security Concerns: The strategic importance of quantum technology for national security means that Norway must be cautious about sharing sensitive research and collaborating with international partners. There is a risk that critical technologies could be compromised or that Norway could become overly dependent on foreign expertise.
Economic and Political Instability: Fluctuations in public funding and political support for quantum research can pose a threat to the stability and continuity of research programs. Changes in government priorities or economic downturns could lead to reduced funding and support for quantum initiatives.
Technological Lag: Norway's late start in certain areas of quantum technology, such as quantum computing, means that it may struggle to catch up with more advanced countries. This lag could result in missed opportunities for innovation and commercialization.
Talent Drain: The limited availability of advanced research facilities and funding in Norway could lead to a brain drain, with top researchers and students seeking opportunities in countries with more robust quantum research environments. This would further weaken Norway's position in the global quantum technology landscape.
Sweden
Overview
Sweden has made significant investments in quantum technology through the Wallenberg Foundation, particularly via the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT). The country prioritizes the development of superconducting quantum computers and quantum communication infrastructure. Sweden boasts robust research groups specializing in quantum sensing, quantum communication, and quantum computing, with collaborations across various universities and institutions.
The National Quantum Communication Infrastructure in Sweden (NQCIS) is an operational facility for building and testing quantum key distribution systems, creating a national testbed, and fostering collaboration among Swedish research institutions, industry, and startups to advance secure quantum communications. Additionally, Sweden is involved in the European quantum communication infrastructure (EuroQCI).
The key institutions involved in quantum technology research are as follows (1):
- Chalmers University of Technology: Home to the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT), a flagship initiative in quantum computing.
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Lund University, Gothenburg University, Stockholm University, Linköping University, and Karolinska Institute: All contribute to quantum research and interdisciplinary applications.
- Nordita: A Nordic institute for theoretical physics, supporting collaboration and advanced research. Coordinator of the Nordic Quantum network.
- RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden): Supports industrial applications and innovation.
- Quantum Life Science Centre: A hub for national and Nordic collaboration within development and use of quantum life science applications.
Respondents see Sweden as having strong research institutions and a collaborative culture supported by significant private funding, particularly from the Wallenberg Foundation. It is active in quantum communication and life sciences and has opportunities to expand public funding, Nordic collaboration, and industry partnerships. While the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT) is seen as essential in coordinating quantum technology efforts in Sweden, national coordinated is perceived as fragmented. Other challenges include limited public investment and infrastructure issues.
Sweden also faces threats from global competition, economic uncertainty, and potential talent drain.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis is based on interviews with Swedish stakeholders.
Strengths of Sweden in Quantum Technology
Strong Research Institutions: Sweden is home to several leading research institutions in quantum technology, including the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT) at Chalmers, KTH, Stockholm University, and Lund University.
Private Funding: The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation provides significant private funding for quantum technology research, with a focus on building a superconducting quantum computer and developing quantum communication, sensing, and simulation technologies.
Collaborative Culture: Sweden has a collaborative culture that fosters partnerships between academia, industry, and government. This is evident in initiatives like the Quantum Sweden Innovation Platform (QSIP), which aims to build a Swedish quantum ecosystem.
Innovation in Quantum: Chalmers Next Labs exemplifies Sweden’s push to bridge academic quantum research and industrial application. NQCIS is Sweden’s facility for building and testing secure quantum communication systems, fostering collaboration among research, industry, and startups.
Quantum Life Science: Sweden has a strong focus on quantum life science, with initiatives like the Swedish Quantum Life Science Centre and collaborations with international partners like Cleveland Clinic.
Opportunities for Sweden in Quantum Technology
Increased Public Funding: There is an opportunity for Sweden to increase public funding for quantum technology through the development of a national quantum strategy. This would complement the existing private funding from the Wallenberg Foundation and help build a more robust quantum ecosystem.
Nordic Collaboration: Sweden can strengthen its position in quantum technology by collaborating with other Nordic countries. This includes sharing infrastructure, expertise, and resources to build a comprehensive Nordic quantum ecosystem.
Industry Partnerships: Sweden has the potential to form strategic partnerships with industries, especially in healthcare, defence, and logistics, to advance quantum technologies. Dedicated testbeds for startups and new initiatives are emerging, helping bridge research and industry.
Talent Development: By focusing on education and training in quantum technologies, Sweden can develop a skilled workforce that can drive innovation and research in this field.
Global Positioning: Sweden can position itself as a key player in the global quantum technology landscape by participating in international collaborations and contributing to major quantum research projects.
Weaknesses of Sweden in Quantum Technology
Fragmented Coordination: Sweden's national coordination in quantum technology is somewhat fragmented. While the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT) provides a central effort, local environments are spread and scattered, making it challenging to unify efforts across different nodes.
Limited Public Funding: Historically, there has been limited public funding for quantum technology in Sweden. Most of the funding has come from private sources like the Wallenberg Foundation, with minimal contributions from public agencies.
Infrastructure Challenges: Maintaining and developing state-of-the-art infrastructure for quantum technology is a significant challenge. There is a struggle to sustain technological work and retain technical personnel, which is crucial for long-term research and development.
Dependence on Private Funding: The heavy reliance on private funding from the Wallenberg Foundation can lead to a lack of diversification in funding sources, potentially limiting the scope and flexibility of research initiatives.
Innovation System Gaps: There are gaps in the innovation system, particularly in bridging the gap between academia and industry. This includes challenges in translating research into practical applications and commercializing quantum technologies.
Threats to Sweden in Quantum Technology
Global Competition: Sweden faces intense global competition in quantum technology, particularly from countries with more substantial public funding and coordinated national strategies. This competition could hinder Sweden's ability to attract top talent and secure international collaborations.
Technological Lag: There is a risk of technological lag if Sweden cannot keep pace with advancements in quantum technology infrastructure and research. This includes the potential for other countries to develop superior quantum computing, communication and sensing technologies.
Economic Uncertainty: Economic fluctuations and uncertainties could impact the availability of private funding from foundations like Wallenberg, which could, in turn, affect the sustainability of long-term quantum technology projects.
Policy and Regulatory Changes: Changes in national and international policies and regulations related to quantum technology could pose threats. This includes potential restrictions on international collaborations and funding, which are crucial for Sweden's quantum technology ecosystem.
Talent Drain: The inability to offer competitive funding and infrastructure could lead to a talent drain, where top researchers and innovators move to countries with better resources and opportunities.
Iceland
Overview
Iceland is steadily developing its capabilities in quantum technology, with a particular emphasis on quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum materials. The University of Iceland leads several active research projects, including magnetic metamaterials, spintronics, and quantum sensing. Notable efforts include a Grant of Excellence on magnetic nano-arrays and a Nordic collaboration with NTNU and KTH on Quantum LIDAR development. The university also hosts Iceland’s only cleanroom facility and participates in the Nordic Nanolab Network, supported by national infrastructure funding.
The Nanophysics Center at Reykjavik University complements this with theoretical and experimental research on quantum transport in nanostructures and silicon nanowire arrays for sensing applications. Industry interest is growing, with companies like Decode Genetics exploring quantum applications, and startups working on nanotechnology-related fabrication and characterization. Grein Research is also active in quantum sensing and superconducting materials, including participation in a Eurostars project to develop high efficiency quantum sensing for infrared radiation.
Support from RANNIS and government funding has played an important role in enabling student involvement and project development, although funding for quantum-related projects has declined in recent years. Iceland continues to face challenges such as limited domestic infrastructure, a shortage of faculty in quantum computing, and constrained funding. Addressing these will require sustained investment in infrastructure, recruitment, and training.
The Icelandic High-Performance Computing Centre (IHPC), based at Reykjavik University, contributes to the national quantum effort by integrating quantum expertise into Iceland’s digital infrastructure. Its activities include exploring quantum annealing for optimization problems and supporting applications in remote sensing and AI.
Despite these promising developments, Iceland faces challenges such as limited domestic infrastructure, a shortage of faculty in quantum computing, and declining funding from RANNIS for quantum-related projects. Addressing these will require sustained investment in infrastructure, recruitment, and training to build a resilient national quantum ecosystem.
The key institutions involved in quantum technology research is University of Iceland and Reykjavik University (1). They are engaged in quantum information theory, quantum sensing, quantum transport, and education, with potential for deeper integration into the Nordic network.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis is based on an interview with one research group, additional input from two other groups, and the author’s own assessment.
Strengths
International Collaborations: Iceland’s quantum technology ecosystem benefits from active international collaborations with leading institutions such as KTH, NTNU, Uppsala University, Forschungszentrum Jülich in Germany and Peter Grünberg Institute. Through these partnerships, Icelandic researchers gain access to advanced quantum computing infrastructure, including the Jülich Supercomputing Center, and participate in joint research on spintronic materials, quantum devices, and quantum transport. Iceland has been actively involved in Nordita since its inception.
Expertise: Iceland has notable pockets of expertise in the theoretical and experimental physics of nanowires – including quantum transport, as well as in quantum annealing – including using the D-Wave quantum annealing system.
Interdisciplinary Research: There is a focus on interdisciplinary research involving quantum computing, high-performance computing, and machine learning.
Opportunities
Nordic Collaboration: Nordic collaboration could provide valuable resources and expertise, especially given current limitations in experimental equipment for nanowire fabrication and gas sensor research. Stronger connections with advanced Nordic laboratories would be particularly beneficial.
Expansion into Quantum Sensing and Communication: Iceland could explore and develop applications in quantum sensing and communication, particularly in Earth observation and secure communication, gas sensing, especially of gases related to magma activity precursor to volcanic eruptions.
Strategic Recruitment: There is an opportunity to strategically recruit faculty and researchers in quantum computing and related fields to strengthen the academic and research ecosystem.
Participation in International Projects: Iceland can benefit from strengthening participation in international projects and initiatives, such as those funded by the European Space Agency and Horizon Europe.
Weaknesses
Limited Infrastructure: Iceland lacks the infrastructure to host its own quantum computers and relies heavily on collaborations with institutions like Jülich for access to quantum technologies.
Small Ecosystem: The quantum technology ecosystem in Iceland is small, with limited players and resources.
Funding Constraints: There are constraints in sustained funding for quantum computing and related research, which limits the ability to expand and develop the field further.
Lack of Faculty Positions: There is a need for more faculty positions in quantum computing and related areas to support research and education.
Threats
Dependence on External Collaborations: The heavy reliance on external collaborations for access to quantum computing infrastructure poses a risk if these collaborations were to be disrupted.
Regulatory Limitations: Iceland's non-EU member status limits its ability to participate in certain EU-funded initiatives and procure quantum computing infrastructure through EuroHPC JU.
Competition for Talent: There is a risk of losing talented researchers and students to other countries or institutions with better funding and infrastructure.
Changing Government Priorities: Shifts in government priorities and funding allocations have already led to reduced support for some groups working in quantum technology research and development, and may continue to impact the field in the future.
The Baltic Countries
The analysis of the situation in the Baltics is based on a few interviews, information gathered in the Nordic Quantum Landscape report (3) and open sources.
Estonia
Estonia’s quantum technology ecosystem is still in its formative stages but is gaining momentum through academic, governmental, and commercial engagement. While the country lacks a formal national quantum strategy, it benefits from a strong digital innovation culture, deep expertise in software engineering, and a growing interest in quantum-related applications such as sensing and cryptography. Institutions like the University of Tartu are actively involved in European research projects, and government-backed initiatives like EstQCI and the quantum coordination unit led by Metrosert are helping to coordinate national efforts. Estonia’s participation in Nordic and EU collaborations further enhances its visibility and integration into the broader quantum landscape.
Strengths
Estonia’s strengths and initial focus are in quantum sensing, metrology, and communication. Estonia excels in software engineering and digital innovation, making it well-positioned for quantum software, algorithms, and post-quantum cryptography. The University of Tartu has a long-standing academic foundation in quantum computing and is involved in major EU projects like OpenSuperQPlus. Estonia’s reputation in secure e-government services and its agile startup culture support innovation and commercialization, particularly in software-led quantum applications.
Weaknesses
The national quantum community is small and fragmented, with limited experimental infrastructure and no dedicated national strategy. Public funding dominates, with minimal private investment, and there is a significant shortage of students and researchers. Even well-funded researchers struggle to recruit PhD candidates, and experimental physics groups face challenges in securing research funding.
Opportunities
Estonia is actively engaged in international initiatives such as EuroQCI, EstQCI, and NordIQuEst, which provide valuable exposure and collaboration opportunities. There is growing commercial interest in quantum-adjacent technologies like sensing and secure communications, and Estonia’s strong software culture supports potential spin-offs. With the right policy support and investment, Estonia could establish a competitive niche in the quantum economy, especially in software, cryptography, and sensing.
Threats
Estonia faces strong global competition from countries with more mature and better-funded quantum programs. The absence of a national strategy and limited infrastructure could hinder progress. There is also a risk of brain drain, as researchers and students may seek better opportunities abroad. Continued reliance on external expertise and facilities for hardware development may limit Estonia’s ability to lead independently in the field.
Latvia
Latvia is rapidly emerging as a proactive regional player in quantum technology, driven by strong academic foundations, increasing public investment, and growing industry engagement. The country is focusing on quantum computing, communication, and photonics, with the Latvian Quantum Initiative (2023–2026) serving as a central coordination platform to align research, policy, and commercialization efforts. Notable industry collaborations include Accenture Baltics’ work on quantum algorithms for medical imaging and Tilde’s involvement in quantum linguistics research. Latvia is also investing in secure quantum communication infrastructure, including a national Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) network and participation in the EuroQCI initiative. With substantial EU funding and a clear policy direction, Latvia aims to become a testbed for applied quantum innovation.
Here is a structured SWOT analysis summarizing Latvia’s position:
Strengths
Latvia benefits from strong academic institutions and coordinated national efforts through the Latvian Quantum Initiative. Public investment is robust, with support from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility and co-funded infrastructure projects like the QKD network. The country is also home to early industry engagement, with companies like Accenture Baltics and Tilde exploring quantum applications in healthcare and language technology.
Weaknesses
The commercial quantum sector in Latvia is still in its infancy, with limited industrial capacity and few mature quantum startups. The ecosystem’s long-term sustainability will depend on continued investment, talent development, and the ability to scale research into viable commercial products.
Opportunities
Latvia is well-positioned to become a regional testbed for applied quantum technologies, particularly in secure communications, quantum software, and small-scale component manufacturing. Its participation in EuroQCI and strong public-private collaboration offer pathways to expand its role in Europe’s quantum infrastructure and innovation landscape.
Threats
Latvia faces stiff competition from more advanced quantum ecosystems in Europe and globally. Delays in commercialization, overreliance on EU funding, and potential misalignment between research and industry needs could hinder progress. Ensuring cohesive strategy execution and talent retention will be critical to maintaining momentum.
Lithuania
Lithuania is steadily developing a comprehensive quantum technology (QT) ecosystem through a community-driven approach, leveraging its well-established academic excellence in photonics, quantum optics, and theoretical physics. The country benefits from a robust foundation in enabling technologies such as lasers, semiconductors, and advanced materials, which are crucial for advancements in quantum computing, sensing, and communication. Research groups across major universities and national labs are active across all four QT pillars, with a particular focus on enabling technologies like optics, semiconductors, and precision metrology, all of which are critical to quantum computing, communication, and sensing.
National high-performance computing (HPC) resources and an established research network provide a foundation for early experiments in hybrid QC–HPC. Although the commercial sector is still developing, Lithuania has made notable progress in research, infrastructure, and international collaboration. The creation of the Lithuanian Quantum Technologies Association (Quantum Lithuania) and active participation in EU initiatives demonstrate the country's growing ambition to emerge as a regional leader in quantum technology.
Lithuania's lab infrastructure, which includes capabilities adjacent to cleanrooms, precision laser systems, and cryogenic and measurement stacks, supports component-level experimentation and initial system integration. The country is increasingly engaging with EU programs and Nordic networks, positioning itself to take advantage of federated access to testbeds and joint training initiatives. This aligns with the national agenda's objectives of adapting HPC for hybrid workflows and increasing participation in European and NATO quantum actions.
Lithuania’s industrial base, though small, has experience in exporting enabling technologies such as lasers, optics, control electronics, and materials. This creates natural pathways for developing quantum sensing instruments, secure communication hardware, and specialized components. However, Lithuania currently lacks QT-specific startups and faces shortages in trained specialists, meaning early-stage growth will require not only targeted seed funding, flexible IP models, and access to Nordic testbeds, but also long-term investment in talent pipelines and entrepreneurship.
Strengths
Lithuania hosts over ten active research groups with expertise across all four QT pillars: computing, communication, sensing, and simulation. The strong foundation in lasers, photonics, and materials science is complemented by advanced HPC infrastructure and international collaborations. Vilnius University and the Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology are pivotal within this ecosystem. Additionally, Kaunas University of Technology provides substantial expertise in post-quantum cryptography and cyber-threat analysis, collaborating with the Ministry of National Defence and the National Cyber Security Centre to co-develop the national post-quantum cryptography migration plan and risk-assessment methodologies for critical infrastructure. The formation of Quantum Lithuania has effectively unified efforts across academia, industry, and government.
Weaknesses
Despite its scientific strengths, Lithuania lacks a formal national strategy and dedicated QT study programs. Funding remains limited and fragmented, and participation in EU-funded projects and international networks is still relatively low. The commercial ecosystem is underdeveloped, with no dedicated QT startups and limited private investment, and there is a shortage of specialists and practical training opportunities, which hinders talent development and retention.
Opportunities
Lithuania has the potential to become a significant regional player in QT by formalizing a national strategy, establishing a quantum competence centre, and integrating QT into key industries such as lasers, life sciences, and space. Early commercialization opportunities exist in quantum sensing and communication, and Lithuania’s participation in EU initiatives like EuroQCI and Horizon Europe could enhance its global positioning. Establishing dedicated study programs and fostering international collaboration would further strengthen the local ecosystem.
Threats
Lithuania faces national and economic security risks if it fails to develop secure quantum communication infrastructure and post-quantum cryptography capabilities. The absence of coordinated investment and strategy could result in a loss of competitiveness in science and technology sectors. Persistent talent drain, limited ability to attract foreign investment, and weak startup activity pose significant threats. Without timely action, Lithuania risks being outpaced by its neighbours and missing opportunities in the global quantum transition.
Nordic Region – joint Nordic
Overview
From a regional perspective, quantum technology research in the Nordic region is a vibrant and rapidly evolving field characterized by strong academic foundations, national initiatives, and growing industry engagement. An overview is given in the Nordic Quantum White Paper (1).
The region is recognized for its collaborative spirit and high-quality research across the full spectrum of quantum technologies. Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden each contribute unique strengths to the quantum ecosystem. Denmark and Finland are particularly strong in quantum hardware and superconducting qubits, with institutions like the University of Copenhagen, DTU, and Aalto University leading in quantum computing platforms. Sweden, through Chalmers University and the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT), is advancing scalable quantum processors based on superconducting qubits, quantum communication and sensing. Within quantum computing, Sweden work on hardware, software and theory. Norway is developing expertise in quantum software, algorithms, and sensing, while Iceland is emerging as a contributor in quantum information theory and education.
Nordita plays a key role in supporting Nordic quantum collaboration. It hosts the Wallenberg Initiative on Networks and Quantum Information and it is the institutional home of the Nordic Quantum coordinator. Nordita has also initiated work to coordinate MSc- and PhD-level education within quantum science across the Nordic countries.
Research in the region spans several key areas: quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum sensing, quantum simulation, and quantum materials. These efforts are supported by national strategies and funding programs, such as Finland’s InstituteQ, Sweden’s WACQT, and Denmark’s NQCP. The Nordic countries also benefit from infrastructure that is shared at the national level, including cleanrooms, cryogenic facilities, and high-performance computing resources.
Major Ongoing Collaboration Projects and Initiatives
Nordic Quantum Network
The Nordic Quantum network (1) was established to unify and elevate the region’s role in quantum science and technology. Originating from meetings and roundtables held between 2021 and 2024, the network brings together researchers to assess strengths and foster collaboration. Its purpose is to position the Nordic countries as a global hub for quantum research, innovation, and education by strengthening scientific excellence, developing a quantum-literate workforce, fostering industry-academia partnerships, and coordinating shared infrastructure and resources.
In August 2025, a Nordic Quantum coordinator was appointed. The coordinator is hosted by Nordita an funded through partner contributions. The coordinator’s main role is to facilitate and strengthen quantum science and technology activities across the region, support collaboration and educational initiatives, and maintain communication within the network. The coordinator also helps ensure the Nordic region’s continued leadership in quantum research and innovation.
The network includes a broad coalition of leading academic and research institutions from across the Nordic region.
Nordic-Estonian Quantum Computing e-Infrastructure Quest
The NordIQuEst initiative (19) is a pioneering, three-year NeIC-funded effort to establish a cross-border quantum computing ecosystem tailored to the Nordic region. By uniting seven partners from five countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden) the project successfully laid the groundwork for a federated infrastructure that integrates quantum computing and high-performance computing (HPC) resources. Key achievements include the creation of a publicly accessible application library, extensive training programs, and the first academic demonstration of an HPC-to-quantum computer connection across borders. Despite challenges in granting open access to the platform due to resource ownership constraints, NordIQuEst significantly advanced regional quantum capabilities. Importantly, the initiative is ongoing, with a second phase planned to address access limitations, expand training, and secure new funding to fully realize the vision of a unified Nordic quantum ecosystem.
Nordic Quantum Life Science Round Table
The Nordic Quantum Life Science initiative aims to unite leading scientists, healthcare professionals, and industry partners across the Nordic region to explore and advance the intersection of quantum technologies and life sciences. Sparked by growing interest in the field, the initiative began with a round table in Sweden in 2021 and has since evolved into a collaborative, rotating forum hosted annually by different Nordic countries.
Nordita
Nordita, the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, plays an important role in the Nordic quantum landscape. While it does not lead large-scale hardware projects or national initiatives, it contributes in a more foundational way by nurturing the theoretical understanding that underpins quantum science. Through its workshops, research programs, and collaborative environment, Nordita brings together scientists from across the region to explore the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics and related fields. Its strength lies in fostering dialogue, encouraging cross-border collaboration, and supporting the kind of deep, conceptual work that often precedes technological breakthroughs. In this way, Nordita helps ensure that the Nordic quantum effort remains grounded in strong scientific foundations, even as the region continues to grow its presence in this rapidly evolving field. Since August 2025 Nordita hosts a Nordic Quantum coordinator.
Nordic Quantum Technology Pre-Incubation Program
Funded by Nordic Innovation and led by the BioInnovation Institute in Denmark, this initiative aims to design a Nordic pre-incubation program that bridges the gap between quantum research and entrepreneurship, fostering early-stage innovation across the region.
Resilient Critical Infrastructures for the Nordics
Also funded by Nordic Innovation, this project – coordinated by the Danish Quantum Community – explores quantum technology-based applications to enhance the resilience of critical Nordic infrastructures, including energy, water, and communication systems.
Examples of bilateral collaborations
Swedish-Finnish postdoc programme
The Swedish-Finnish postdoc program is a targeted initiative within the Wallenberg Centre for Quantum Technology (WACQT) aimed at fostering cross-border collaboration in quantum research between Sweden and Finland. The program supports postdoctoral researchers who are formally employed at Swedish universities but spend approximately half of their research time in Finland. This arrangement allows for deep scientific exchange and integration between the two countries' research environments.
The program, which ends in 2025, is fully funded by WACQT and adheres to the statutes of the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, which stipulate that funding must be used within Swedish institutions. However, the structure of the program allows for flexible implementation, enabling Swedish researchers to collaborate internationally while maintaining compliance with funding rules.
This initiative has supported eight such postdoctoral positions and is considered a successful model for Nordic cooperation. It not only strengthens scientific ties between Sweden and Finland but also contributes to building a shared talent pool and advancing quantum technology research across the region.
University of Oslo and the Niels Bohr Institute
The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo and the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen have entered a strategic partnership to strengthen research and education in quantum science and technology. The collaboration focuses on sharing infrastructure, facilitating researcher exchanges, education and advancing quantum computing, sensing, and communication. It was formalized during a royal visit and builds on Denmark’s strong national investment in quantum research and Norway’s academic strengths. A key enabler is the Novo Nordisk Foundation, which has invested heavily in Danish quantum research, such as the Novo Nordisk Quantum Computing Programme hosted at Niels Bohr Institute.
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis is based on interviews with national stakeholders. A summary is given in Table 2.
Strengths
Shared Values and Collaboration: The Nordic region benefits from a strong tradition of trust, openness, and collaboration. These shared values foster seamless cross-border partnerships and underpin the region’s ability to coordinate efforts, pool resources, and advance quantum research as a unified community.
Strong Research Infrastructure and Innovation Capabilities: The Nordic region is recognized for its well-funded research infrastructure and strong innovation capabilities.
Competitive Advantages in Quantum Life Sciences: The Nordic countries have strong research capabilities and innovation in quantum technologies, particularly in healthcare and life sciences. Collaborative projects include quantum computing for protein folding, radiotherapy optimization, and quantum sensing for higher resolution imaging in healthcare.
Unique Infrastructure and High-Quality Equipment: The region boasts unique infrastructure and high-quality equipment that enhance research capabilities. Examples include Myfab (Sweden), OtaNano, FiQCI and Kvanttinova (Finland), Norfab (Norway), Nanolab (Denmark).
Complementary Strengths Across Countries: Different Nordic countries have complementary strengths. For example, Norway has strong traditions in sensor technology and theoretical research, while Denmark and Sweden have advancements in quantum computing.
Opportunities
Building Complementary Strengths: By coordinating efforts and sharing expertise, Nordic countries can focus on developing complementary quantum technologies—maximizing impact and innovation instead of duplicating similar projects across the region.
Leveraging Shared Security Interests: Shared security interests among Nordic countries, particularly in areas like quantum cryptography and quantum sensors, present opportunities for collaboration in both civilian and potential defence applications.
Expanding Collaboration to Other Sectors: There is potential for expanding Nordic collaboration to other sectors, such as quantum finance and quantum defence. This could involve joint initiatives between NordForsk and Nordic Innovation to support both research and innovation in quantum technologies.
Structured and Stable Funding Mechanisms: There is a strong need for structured, long-term funding; especially joint Nordic programs that support both research and innovation, leverage complementary strengths, and fill gaps in the value chain. NordForsk and Nordic Innovation could play key roles in enabling this.
Promoting High-Level Education and Research Collaboration: The Nordic Quantum network aims to promote high-level education, research collaboration, and infrastructure sharing among Nordic countries. This includes creating complementary courses and schools for PhD and postdoctoral education to avoid unnecessary overlaps.
Collaboration with International Partners: There are opportunities for collaboration with international partners, such as the Cleveland Clinic, to further enhance research and development efforts. Additionally, collaboration with the EU could support Nordic collaboration.
Collaboration with Private Foundations: Partnering with private foundations such as the Novo Nordisk Foundation can provide significant funding and strategic support. Such collaboration can advance quantum technology initiatives, promote regional cooperation, and enhance the global competitiveness of the Nordic quantum technology ecosystem.
Creating a Unified Nordic Quantum Community: By pooling efforts and resources, the Nordic region could create a strong, unified community that is more competitive globally. This includes leveraging cultural similarities and ease of travel within the region to facilitate collaboration.
Weaknesses
Lack of Dedicated Funding: One of the significant weaknesses is the lack of dedicated funding for quantum technology within the Nordic countries. Funding is often provided through bottom-up calls that cover all fields, making it challenging to secure specific funding for quantum technology.
Coordination Challenges: There are difficulties in coordinating funding and infrastructure across different Nordic countries. The lack of common funds as well as administrative and legal mechanisms that allow money to cross national borders hinders joint initiatives.
Infrastructure and Technical Staff: There is a need for further development of infrastructure and technical staff to support experimental research and technology development. The interviewees highlight the importance of securing national infrastructures which are crucial for advancing quantum technology research.
Recruitment and Skilled Workforce: There are challenges of recruitment and a need for more state-of-the-art infrastructure to support research. Attracting young researchers to the region is a global challenge, and the Nordic countries need to address the skilled workforce shortage in quantum technology.
Cross-Border Funding Mechanisms: The lack of mechanisms that allow money to cross national borders to support joint initiatives is a significant weakness. This issue makes it difficult to coordinate funding and infrastructure across different Nordic countries.
Threats
Geopolitical Considerations: The changing global landscape makes it crucial for the Nordic countries to become a stronger unit. The geopolitical importance of Nordic collaboration is highlighted, noting that the region needs to pool efforts and resources to remain competitive globally.
Sustainability of Collaborative Efforts: There is a need for more structured and long-term funding mechanisms to support networking and collaborative efforts. The sustainability of these collaborative efforts is threatened by the lack of long-term funding.
Private Funding Impact: Significant private funding – especially in Sweden and Denmark – can shift research from open to more closed environments, creating challenges for information sharing and collaboration. Strengthening networks and interaction across research environments is needed to balance these effects and maintain openness.
A SWOT analysis was also conducted as part of the Nordic Quantum White Paper (1), and it aligns closely with the present analysis. Notably, the white paper highlights several unique strengths and risks. Among the key strengths is the Nordic region’s consistently high performance on the European Innovation Scoreboard (20), where countries like Sweden, Finland, and Denmark rank among the top in areas such as patent applications, scientific publications, and venture capital investment. This innovation leadership provides a strong foundation for quantum technology development. Additionally, the white paper emphasizes the robust open-access infrastructure (e.g., Myfab, OtaNano, Nanolab), a well-established quantum science and technology (QST) community, and strong industry-academia networks as critical assets.
On the risk side, the white paper uniquely identifies the potential for a "quantum winter", a downturn in hype and investment in quantum technologies, as a significant threat. This could lead to reduced funding, talent attrition, and slower progress if expectations are not met in the near term. The analysis also notes limited long-term funding sources, low awareness among potential industry end-users, and a lack of national coordination strategies as current weaknesses that could hinder the region’s ability to capitalize on its strengths.